Relevance of Target-Organ Lesions as Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus / Relevância de Lesões em Órgãos-Alvo como Preditores de Mortalidade em Pacientes com Diabetes

Background: Patients with diabetes are in extract higher risk for fatal cardiovascular events. Objective: To evaluate major predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A cohort of 323 individuals with type 2 diabetes from several regions of Brazil was followed for a long period. Baseline electrocardiograms, clinical and laboratory data obtained were used to determine hazard ratios (HR) and confidence interval (CI) related to cardiovascular and total mortality. Results: After 9.2 years of follow-up (median), 33 subjects died (17 from cardiovascular causes). Cardiovascular mortality was associated with male gender; smoking; prior myocardial infarction; long QTc interval; left ventricular hypertrophy; and eGFR <60 mL/min. These factors, in addition to obesity, were predictors of total mortality. Cardiovascular mortality was adjusted for age and gender, but remained associated with: smoking (HR = 3.8; 95% CI 1.3-11.8; p = 0.019); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 8.5; 95% CI 1.8-39.9; p = 0.007); eGFR < 60 mL/min (HR = 9.5; 95% CI 2.7-33.7; p = 0.001); long QTc interval (HR = 5.1; 95% CI 1.7-15.2; p = 0.004); and left ventricular hypertrophy (HR = 3.5; 95% CI 1.3-9.7; p = 0.002). Total mortality was associated with obesity (HR = 2.3; 95% CI 1.1-5.1; p = 0.030); smoking (HR = 2.5; 95% CI 1.0-6.1; p = 0.046); prior myocardial infarction (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.005), and long QTc interval (HR = 3.1; 95% CI 1.4-6.1; p = 0.017). Conclusions: Biomarkers of simple measurement, particularly those related to target-organ lesions, were predictors of mortality in subjects with type 2 diabetes. .

Fundamento: Pacientes com diabetes apresentam-se em extrato de maior risco para eventos cardiovasculares fatais. Objetivo: Avaliar os principais preditores associados às taxas de mortalidade em pacientes com diabetes tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo de coorte composto por 323 indivíduos com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2, de várias regiões do Brasil, acompanhados em longo prazo. Dados clínicos, laboratoriais e eletrocardiográficos foram obtidos no período basal e aplicados no modelo Cox de regressão, para examinar a associação dessas variáveis com as taxas de mortalidade e determinação de hazard ratio (HR) e intervalo de confiança (IC). Resultados: Após 9,2 anos (mediana) de seguimento, 33 pacientes morreram (sendo 17 por causas cardiovasculares). A mortalidade cardiovascular foi associada a gênero masculino, tabagismo, infarto do miocárdio prévio, intervalo QTc longo, hipertrofia ventricular esquerda e taxa de filtração glomerular (TFG) <60 mL/min. Esses biomarcadores, além da obesidade, também foram preditores para mortalidade total. Após ajustes para idade e gênero, a mortalidade cardiovascular, manteve-se associada a tabagismo (HR = 3,8; IC 95% 1,3-11,8; p = 0,019), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 8,5; IC 95% 1,8-39,9; p = 0,007), TFG < 60 mL/min (HR = 9,5; IC 95% 2,7-33,7; p = 0,001), intervalo QTc longo (HR = 5,1; IC 95% 1,7-15,2; p = 0,004), hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HR = 3,5; IC 95% 1,3-9,7; p = 0,002). A mortalidade total foi associada com obesidade (HR = 2,3; IC 95% 1,1-5,1; p = 0,030), tabagismo (HR = 2,5; IC 95% 1,0-6,1; p = 0,046), infarto prévio do miocárdio (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,005) e intervalo QTc longo (HR = 3,1; 95% CI 1,4-6,1; p = 0,017). Conclusões: Biomarcadores de simples mensuração, particularmente os que traduzem lesões de ...

Hipertenso diabético: diretrizes de atuações e suas dificuldades / Hypertensive diabetic patients: guidelines for conduct and their difficulties

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of blood pressure (BP) control and other cardiovascular risk factors in patients with diabetes mellitus in a referral service for the treatment of hypertension. METHODS: A retrospective study where diabetic patients (at least 2 fasting glucose levels above 126 mg/dL, use of hypoglycemic agents or insulin, or both of these) were included. They were evaluated at the first appointment (M1) and at the last appointment (M2), regarding blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), use of hypertensive drugs, glycemia, total cholesterol (TC), creatinine, and potassium. RESULTS: Of 1,032 patients studied, 146 patients with a mean age of 61.6 years had diabetes, and 27 were men (18.5 percent). Mean follow-up was 5.5 years. BP values were 161.6 x 99.9 mmHg in M1 and 146.3 x 89.5 mmHg in M2. In M1, 10.4 percent of the patients did not use medications, 50.6 percent used just 1 drug, 30.8 percent used 2 drugs, and 8.2 percent used 3 or more drugs. In M2, these values were 10.9 percent, 39 percent, 39.7 percent, and 10.4 percent, respectively. Diuretics were the most commonly used medication, whereas angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) were those drugs which presented greater increase when comparing M1 to M2 (24.6 percent and 41.7 percent, respectively). Only 17,1 percent reached the recommended goal (BP<130x85 mmhg). The other cardiovascular risk factors did not change significantly. CONCLUSION: Our data reinforce the necessity of a more aggressive approach in the treatment of these patients, despite the social and economic difficulties in adhering to treatment